the dream who tell us to leave moor and moor with out loosing our heart so be strong and find your dream
Monday, August 23, 2010
dream to be display
the dream who tell us to leave moor and moor with out loosing our heart so be strong and find your dream
Friday, August 6, 2010
Monday, August 2, 2010
Saturday, July 31, 2010
Thursday, July 29, 2010
Sunday, May 30, 2010
Thursday, April 22, 2010
Friday, January 15, 2010
Wind energy
Wind Power
Blowing in the wind
Wind power could help India abate up to 100 million tones of CO2 by 2050.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that wind energy will reach 1,100 GW of installed capacity and meet 9 per cent of the world’s electricity production by 2030.
In India, the onshore wind potential itself is in the order of 65,000 MW. Given our long coastline, the off-shore potential is very large too. For India, wind power can address two long-term strategic objectives: (1) energy security — wind power can meet 10 per cent of our long-term energy requirements; and (2) climate change response — with close to zero emissions, it can help abate 2 per cent of our carbon emissions by 2030. Both these objectives have long-term positive impacts for our economy and we must act today to make this a reality in 2032.
India has already emerged as an important player in the global wind sector and is ranked amongst the top five global wind energy markets. With an installed capacity of more than 10,000 MW, wind energy dominates the renewable portfolio mix, taking up about 75 per cent of the overall installed renewable capacity in India. This makes a significant contribution towards combating the effects of global climate change, avoiding annual emissions of almost 15 million tonnes currently. Our calculation is based on the British Wind Energy Association estimates that one MWh of wind electricity displaces one MWh of coal-fired generation, which would otherwise have emitted 0.86 t CO2 (the PLF of wind power plants has been taken at 20 per cent).
Tamil Nadu leads other states in installed wind power capacity in India. What has aided this growth is its strategic location with very good potential wind power sites. For example, the Muppandal region in Kanniyakumari district has a plant load factor in the range of 30-32 per cent, against the normal range of 22-25 per cent. Tamil Nadu is also one of the first states in India that announced a tariff for wind power. While Tamil Nadu leads the pack, other states like Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka are following in its wake.
All in all, several factors have contributed positively towards wind sector growth.
One, fiscal incentives like accelerated depreciation and feed-in-tariffs for the wind sector made it popular amongst investors looking for new ventures. There has, however, been some criticism from various quarters that despite the installed capacity being close to 10 per cent of the total generation capacity in India, actual generation remains quite low. This can be attributed to capacity getting installed at relatively low-potential wind sites and inadequate O&M measures. In this context, the generation-based incentive scheme announced by the government is a step in the right direction. It will incentivise generation and result in higher efficiency.
Two, the renewable purchase obligations made it mandatory for state utilities to procure power from renewable sources like wind. Many state governments have come out with wind power policies that allow for wheeling, banking and third-party sales.
Three, wind power is much closer to grid parity, the point at which it becomes competitive with grid power, when compared to other renewable technologies like solar. Given the rising cost of conventional fuels, the high power deficits prevailing in the country today and the relatively shorter gestation period for wind power projects compared to conventional power projects, various states are now keen to promote this power source.
Four, the emergence of Indian manufacturing players like Suzlon has catapulted India into the league of major wind manufacturing countries. A manufacturing base in the country provides the capabilities for long-term scalability and cost efficiency of wind power in India.
While the progress made by India is very encouraging, there is still a large untapped potential from onshore as well as offshore wind farms which needs to be harnessed. This calls for a renewed effort from all the stakeholders involved to address certain key challenges facing the wind sector.
First- and perhaps the most important- is access to good potential wind sites. With good wind sites becoming scarce, there is intense competition for the remaining sites. Moreover, the process of acquiring land itself is quite cumbersome and leads to inadvertent delays. In contrast, it needs to be noted that once constructed, the actual turbines in a wind farm occupy only about 1 per cent of the land area taken by the whole development. This means that agriculture or other activities can continue right up to the base of the turbine. Therefore, minimising cumbersome procedures to facilitate speedy implementation is the need of the hour. As a special case, the government needs to step in and clearly define criteria or guidelines for land acquisition and rehabilitation specifically for the wind sector.
Second, regulatory uncertainty remains another area of concern. There have been instances in the past of state-level policies that have undergone change during the course of the project life. Moreover, wind energy due to its unpredictability cannot be forecast or scheduled, unlike other conventional fuels. This limits the possibility of trading wind power. The guidelines relating to trading and transmitting wind power need to take this characteristic into account.
Third, strengthening the transmission grid to accommodate new wind power capacities requires investment and needs to be done with priority. The regulatory framework at the state level to develop these capacities and share costs between wind power generators and other grid users needs to be balanced and equitable. Suitable mechanisms to fund these investments, such as for example a cess on conventional generators or large consumers, should also be explored so that the state transmission utilities are not overburdened.
Finally, domestic R&D capability needs to be strengthened. Offshore wind farms are the next big thing to happen in the wind sector. There is a lot of research happening in this area globally. A report by ODS-Petrodata estimates that global offshore wind capacity could reach 55 GW by 2020, up from the 1.5 GW installed currently. Given the enormous size of the opportunity, India cannot be a laggard on this front. India needs to be proactive and take a leadership role in research efforts. The first step in this direction would be to set up wind monitoring stations to assess the offshore wind profile of India.
In summary, wind power has great potential as an alternative energy source for India from the perspective of both long-term energy security and as a response to the call for action on climate change. By 2050, according to IEA estimates, wind power could help India abate up to 100 million tonnes of CO2.
Blowing in the wind
Wind power could help India abate up to 100 million tones of CO2 by 2050.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that wind energy will reach 1,100 GW of installed capacity and meet 9 per cent of the world’s electricity production by 2030.
In India, the onshore wind potential itself is in the order of 65,000 MW. Given our long coastline, the off-shore potential is very large too. For India, wind power can address two long-term strategic objectives: (1) energy security — wind power can meet 10 per cent of our long-term energy requirements; and (2) climate change response — with close to zero emissions, it can help abate 2 per cent of our carbon emissions by 2030. Both these objectives have long-term positive impacts for our economy and we must act today to make this a reality in 2032.
India has already emerged as an important player in the global wind sector and is ranked amongst the top five global wind energy markets. With an installed capacity of more than 10,000 MW, wind energy dominates the renewable portfolio mix, taking up about 75 per cent of the overall installed renewable capacity in India. This makes a significant contribution towards combating the effects of global climate change, avoiding annual emissions of almost 15 million tonnes currently. Our calculation is based on the British Wind Energy Association estimates that one MWh of wind electricity displaces one MWh of coal-fired generation, which would otherwise have emitted 0.86 t CO2 (the PLF of wind power plants has been taken at 20 per cent).
Tamil Nadu leads other states in installed wind power capacity in India. What has aided this growth is its strategic location with very good potential wind power sites. For example, the Muppandal region in Kanniyakumari district has a plant load factor in the range of 30-32 per cent, against the normal range of 22-25 per cent. Tamil Nadu is also one of the first states in India that announced a tariff for wind power. While Tamil Nadu leads the pack, other states like Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka are following in its wake.
All in all, several factors have contributed positively towards wind sector growth.
One, fiscal incentives like accelerated depreciation and feed-in-tariffs for the wind sector made it popular amongst investors looking for new ventures. There has, however, been some criticism from various quarters that despite the installed capacity being close to 10 per cent of the total generation capacity in India, actual generation remains quite low. This can be attributed to capacity getting installed at relatively low-potential wind sites and inadequate O&M measures. In this context, the generation-based incentive scheme announced by the government is a step in the right direction. It will incentivise generation and result in higher efficiency.
Two, the renewable purchase obligations made it mandatory for state utilities to procure power from renewable sources like wind. Many state governments have come out with wind power policies that allow for wheeling, banking and third-party sales.
Three, wind power is much closer to grid parity, the point at which it becomes competitive with grid power, when compared to other renewable technologies like solar. Given the rising cost of conventional fuels, the high power deficits prevailing in the country today and the relatively shorter gestation period for wind power projects compared to conventional power projects, various states are now keen to promote this power source.
Four, the emergence of Indian manufacturing players like Suzlon has catapulted India into the league of major wind manufacturing countries. A manufacturing base in the country provides the capabilities for long-term scalability and cost efficiency of wind power in India.
While the progress made by India is very encouraging, there is still a large untapped potential from onshore as well as offshore wind farms which needs to be harnessed. This calls for a renewed effort from all the stakeholders involved to address certain key challenges facing the wind sector.
First- and perhaps the most important- is access to good potential wind sites. With good wind sites becoming scarce, there is intense competition for the remaining sites. Moreover, the process of acquiring land itself is quite cumbersome and leads to inadvertent delays. In contrast, it needs to be noted that once constructed, the actual turbines in a wind farm occupy only about 1 per cent of the land area taken by the whole development. This means that agriculture or other activities can continue right up to the base of the turbine. Therefore, minimising cumbersome procedures to facilitate speedy implementation is the need of the hour. As a special case, the government needs to step in and clearly define criteria or guidelines for land acquisition and rehabilitation specifically for the wind sector.
Second, regulatory uncertainty remains another area of concern. There have been instances in the past of state-level policies that have undergone change during the course of the project life. Moreover, wind energy due to its unpredictability cannot be forecast or scheduled, unlike other conventional fuels. This limits the possibility of trading wind power. The guidelines relating to trading and transmitting wind power need to take this characteristic into account.
Third, strengthening the transmission grid to accommodate new wind power capacities requires investment and needs to be done with priority. The regulatory framework at the state level to develop these capacities and share costs between wind power generators and other grid users needs to be balanced and equitable. Suitable mechanisms to fund these investments, such as for example a cess on conventional generators or large consumers, should also be explored so that the state transmission utilities are not overburdened.
Finally, domestic R&D capability needs to be strengthened. Offshore wind farms are the next big thing to happen in the wind sector. There is a lot of research happening in this area globally. A report by ODS-Petrodata estimates that global offshore wind capacity could reach 55 GW by 2020, up from the 1.5 GW installed currently. Given the enormous size of the opportunity, India cannot be a laggard on this front. India needs to be proactive and take a leadership role in research efforts. The first step in this direction would be to set up wind monitoring stations to assess the offshore wind profile of India.
In summary, wind power has great potential as an alternative energy source for India from the perspective of both long-term energy security and as a response to the call for action on climate change. By 2050, according to IEA estimates, wind power could help India abate up to 100 million tonnes of CO2.
scada
SCADA
SCADA is an acronym that stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA refers to a system that collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant or in other remote locations and then sends this data to a central computer which then manages and controls the data.
SCADA is a term that is used broadly to portray control and management solutions in a wide range of industries. Some of the industries where SCADA is used are Water Management Systems, Electric Power, Traffic Signals, Mass Transit Systems, Environmental Control Systems, and Manufacturing Systems.
SCADA as a System
There are many parts of a working SCADA system. A SCADA system usually includes signal hardware (input and output), controllers, networks, user interface (HMI), communications equipment and software. All together, the term SCADA refers to the entire central system. The central system usually monitors data from various sensors that are either in close proximity or off site (sometimes miles away).
For the most part, the brains of a SCADA system are performed by the Remote Terminal Units (sometimes referred to as the RTU). The Remote Terminal Units consists of a programmable logic converter. The RTU are usually set to specific requirements, however, most RTU allow human intervention, for instance, in a factory setting, the RTU might control the setting of a conveyer belt, and the speed can be changed or overridden at any time by human intervention. In addition, any changes or errors are usually automatically logged for and/or displayed. Most often, a SCADA system will monitor and make slight changes to function optimally; SCADA systems are considered closed loop systems and run with relatively little human intervention.
One of key processes of SCADA is the ability to monitor an entire system in real time. This is facilitated by data acquisitions including meter reading, checking statuses of sensors, etc that are communicated at regular intervals depending on the system. Besides the data being used by the RTU, it is also displayed to a human that is able to interface with the system to override settings or make changes when necessary.
SCADA can be seen as a system with many data elements called points. Usually each point is a monitor or sensor. Usually points can be either hard or soft. A hard data point can be an actual monitor; a soft point can be seen as an application or software calculation. Data elements from hard and soft points are usually always recorded and logged to create a time stamp or history
User Interface (HMI)
A SCADA system includes a user interface, usually called Human Machine Interface (HMI). The HMI of a SCADA system is where data is processed and presented to be viewed and monitored by a human operator. This interface usually includes controls where the individual can interface with the SCADA system.
HMI's are an easy way to standardize the facilitation of monitoring multiple RTU's or PLC's (programmable logic controllers). Usually RTU's or PLC's will run a pre programmed process, but monitoring each of them individually can be difficult, usually because they are spread out over the system. Because RTU's and PLC's historically had no standardized method to display or present data to an operator, the SCADA system communicates with PLC's throughout the system network and processes information that is easily disseminated by the HMI.
HMI's can also be linked to a database, which can use data gathered from PLC's or RTU's to provide graphs on trends, logistic info, schematics for a specific sensor or machine or even make troubleshooting guides accessible. In the last decade, practically all SCADA systems include an integrated HMI and PLC device making it extremely easy to run and monitor a SCADA system.
SCADA Software and Hardware Components
SCADA systems are an extremely advantageous way to run and monitor processes. They are great for small applications such as climate control or can be effectively used in large applications such as monitoring and controlling a nuclear power plant or mass transit system.
SCADA can come in open and non proprietary protocols. Smaller systems are extremely affordable and can either be purchased as a complete system or can be mixed and matched with specific components. Large systems can also be created with off the shelf components. SCADA system software can also be easily configured for almost any application, removing the need for custom made or intensive software development.
SCADA
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are at the heart of the modern industrial enterprise ranging from mining plants, water and electrical utility installations to oil and gas plants. In a market that is crowded with high-level monographs and reference guides, more practical information for professional engineers is required. This book covers the essentials of SCADA communication systems focussing on DNP3, the IEC 60870.5 standard and other new developments in this area. It commences with a brief review of the fundamentals of SCADA systems' hardware, software and the communications systems (such as RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet and TCP/IP) that connect the SCADA Modules together. A solid review is then done on the DNP3 and IEC 60870.5 protocols where its features, message structure, practical benefits and applications are discussed. This book provides you with the knowledge to design your next SCADA system more effectively with a focus on using the latest communications technologies available.
• Covers the essentials of SCADA communication systems and other new developments in this area
• Covers a wide range of specialist networking topics and other topics ideal for practicing engineers and technicians looking to further and develop their knowledge of the subject
• Extremely timely subject as the industry has made a strong movement towards standard protocols in modern SCADA communications systems
A SCADA system gathers information, such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred, transfers the information back to a central site, alerting the home station that the leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and organized fashion. SCADA systems can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal water system.
• An engineer's introduction to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and their application in monitoring and controlling equipment and industrial plant
• Essential reading for data acquisition and control professionals in plant engineering, manufacturing, telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation
• Provides the knowledge to analyse, specify and debug SCADA systems, covering the fundamentals of hardware, software and the communications systems that connect SCADA operator stations
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology has evolved over the past 30 years as a method of monitoring and controlling large processes. This newly revised reference book offers overviews of SCADA's component technologies, as well as details necessary to understand the big picture. SCADA processes cover areas that may be measured in the thousands of square miles, and have dimensions that may be hundreds, occasionally thousands, of miles long. Now a mature technology, SCADA includes, but is not limited to, software packages that can be incorporated in a larger system. After completing its 14 self-study units, readers should be conversant with SCADA nomenclature and architecture, understand the basic technology of the system's building blocks, understand its limitations, understand how it can benefit particular operations, and have a basis for selecting appropriate SCADA technologies for their operational requirements.
SCADA is an acronym that stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA refers to a system that collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant or in other remote locations and then sends this data to a central computer which then manages and controls the data.
SCADA is a term that is used broadly to portray control and management solutions in a wide range of industries. Some of the industries where SCADA is used are Water Management Systems, Electric Power, Traffic Signals, Mass Transit Systems, Environmental Control Systems, and Manufacturing Systems.
SCADA as a System
There are many parts of a working SCADA system. A SCADA system usually includes signal hardware (input and output), controllers, networks, user interface (HMI), communications equipment and software. All together, the term SCADA refers to the entire central system. The central system usually monitors data from various sensors that are either in close proximity or off site (sometimes miles away).
For the most part, the brains of a SCADA system are performed by the Remote Terminal Units (sometimes referred to as the RTU). The Remote Terminal Units consists of a programmable logic converter. The RTU are usually set to specific requirements, however, most RTU allow human intervention, for instance, in a factory setting, the RTU might control the setting of a conveyer belt, and the speed can be changed or overridden at any time by human intervention. In addition, any changes or errors are usually automatically logged for and/or displayed. Most often, a SCADA system will monitor and make slight changes to function optimally; SCADA systems are considered closed loop systems and run with relatively little human intervention.
One of key processes of SCADA is the ability to monitor an entire system in real time. This is facilitated by data acquisitions including meter reading, checking statuses of sensors, etc that are communicated at regular intervals depending on the system. Besides the data being used by the RTU, it is also displayed to a human that is able to interface with the system to override settings or make changes when necessary.
SCADA can be seen as a system with many data elements called points. Usually each point is a monitor or sensor. Usually points can be either hard or soft. A hard data point can be an actual monitor; a soft point can be seen as an application or software calculation. Data elements from hard and soft points are usually always recorded and logged to create a time stamp or history
User Interface (HMI)
A SCADA system includes a user interface, usually called Human Machine Interface (HMI). The HMI of a SCADA system is where data is processed and presented to be viewed and monitored by a human operator. This interface usually includes controls where the individual can interface with the SCADA system.
HMI's are an easy way to standardize the facilitation of monitoring multiple RTU's or PLC's (programmable logic controllers). Usually RTU's or PLC's will run a pre programmed process, but monitoring each of them individually can be difficult, usually because they are spread out over the system. Because RTU's and PLC's historically had no standardized method to display or present data to an operator, the SCADA system communicates with PLC's throughout the system network and processes information that is easily disseminated by the HMI.
HMI's can also be linked to a database, which can use data gathered from PLC's or RTU's to provide graphs on trends, logistic info, schematics for a specific sensor or machine or even make troubleshooting guides accessible. In the last decade, practically all SCADA systems include an integrated HMI and PLC device making it extremely easy to run and monitor a SCADA system.
SCADA Software and Hardware Components
SCADA systems are an extremely advantageous way to run and monitor processes. They are great for small applications such as climate control or can be effectively used in large applications such as monitoring and controlling a nuclear power plant or mass transit system.
SCADA can come in open and non proprietary protocols. Smaller systems are extremely affordable and can either be purchased as a complete system or can be mixed and matched with specific components. Large systems can also be created with off the shelf components. SCADA system software can also be easily configured for almost any application, removing the need for custom made or intensive software development.
SCADA
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are at the heart of the modern industrial enterprise ranging from mining plants, water and electrical utility installations to oil and gas plants. In a market that is crowded with high-level monographs and reference guides, more practical information for professional engineers is required. This book covers the essentials of SCADA communication systems focussing on DNP3, the IEC 60870.5 standard and other new developments in this area. It commences with a brief review of the fundamentals of SCADA systems' hardware, software and the communications systems (such as RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet and TCP/IP) that connect the SCADA Modules together. A solid review is then done on the DNP3 and IEC 60870.5 protocols where its features, message structure, practical benefits and applications are discussed. This book provides you with the knowledge to design your next SCADA system more effectively with a focus on using the latest communications technologies available.
• Covers the essentials of SCADA communication systems and other new developments in this area
• Covers a wide range of specialist networking topics and other topics ideal for practicing engineers and technicians looking to further and develop their knowledge of the subject
• Extremely timely subject as the industry has made a strong movement towards standard protocols in modern SCADA communications systems
A SCADA system gathers information, such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred, transfers the information back to a central site, alerting the home station that the leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and organized fashion. SCADA systems can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal water system.
• An engineer's introduction to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and their application in monitoring and controlling equipment and industrial plant
• Essential reading for data acquisition and control professionals in plant engineering, manufacturing, telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation
• Provides the knowledge to analyse, specify and debug SCADA systems, covering the fundamentals of hardware, software and the communications systems that connect SCADA operator stations
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology has evolved over the past 30 years as a method of monitoring and controlling large processes. This newly revised reference book offers overviews of SCADA's component technologies, as well as details necessary to understand the big picture. SCADA processes cover areas that may be measured in the thousands of square miles, and have dimensions that may be hundreds, occasionally thousands, of miles long. Now a mature technology, SCADA includes, but is not limited to, software packages that can be incorporated in a larger system. After completing its 14 self-study units, readers should be conversant with SCADA nomenclature and architecture, understand the basic technology of the system's building blocks, understand its limitations, understand how it can benefit particular operations, and have a basis for selecting appropriate SCADA technologies for their operational requirements.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)